<p>➀ Microelectronics focuses on designing and fabricating miniature electronic components and integrated circuits (ICs) enabling modern systems like AI accelerators, EVs, and IoT devices;</p><p>➁ Key processes include photolithography, materials innovation (Si, GaN, SiC), and trends like heterogeneous integration and advanced packaging to overcome Moore's Law limitations;</p><p>➂ Industry challenges include rising fab costs, supply-chain resilience, and talent gaps, with future advancements expected in chiplet ecosystems and wide-bandgap semiconductor scaling.</p>