➀ Nokia has completed the final integration of its Lunar Surface Communication System (LSCS) into Intuitive Machines’ IM-2 lander; ➁ The Athena lander will be equipped with LSCS for communication in the lunar south pole region; ➂ The system is designed to support high-definition video streaming, command-and-control communications, and telemetry data.

➀ The European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) have committed to a deeper working relationship, focusing on exploring asteroids, the Moon, and Mars. They have signed a joint statement outlining five aspects of their collaboration, including accelerating studies for the ESA's Ramses mission to Apophis, contributing to the Gateway programme for a lunar space station, and working together on lunar exploration, including the Artemis programme. ➁ They plan to advance discussions on a potential collaborative Mars mission and continue working together in space science, including high-energy astrophysics and studying the plasma around Earth. ➂ The agencies have a history of collaboration, such as the BepiColumbo mission to Mercury and the EarthCARE mission to study Earth's climate.

➀ Chinese researchers analyzed rock samples from the far side of the Moon returned by the Chang'e-6 mission; ➁ The samples revealed a volcanic history spanning billions of years; ➂ The oldest lunar basalt fragment dates back to 4.2 billion years ago, indicating high volcanic activity for at least 1.4 billion years.

➀ This week's Beaver Moon is the last supermoon of the year; ➁ The supermoon occurs when the full moon coincides with the Moon's closest approach to Earth; ➂ The Beaver Moon has various cultural names and meanings across different regions.

➀ October's full moon will be a 'Supermoon' or Hunter's Moon, the third of four consecutive supermoons this year; ➁ The Hunter's Moon is named for the time when leaves fall and deer are fattened for the hunt, making it easier to spot animals under the full moon's glow; ➂ The moon will be at perigee, the closest point to Earth, creating a supermoon; ➃ The full moon will be in Aries, bringing momentum, enthusiasm, and passion.

➀ NASA is working on establishing a coordinated lunar time standard for future human missions to the moon; ➁ The lunar time will be determined by a weighted average of atomic clocks on the moon; ➂ The time difference between Earth and the moon poses challenges for precise navigation and missions.

1. A Kobe University researcher has confirmed that an asteroid that struck Jupiter's moon Ganymede was about 20 times larger than the one that ended the age of the dinosaurs on Earth. 2. The impact caused Ganymede's axis to shift and left clear traces in the solar system. 3. The asteroid is estimated to have had a diameter of around 300 kilometers, creating a transient crater between 1,400 and 1,600 kilometers in diameter.

1. India's Chandrayaan lunar probe supports the Lunar Magma Ocean theory, suggesting the Moon had a global magma ocean 4.5 billion years ago. 2. Chemical analysis from Chandrayaan-3's landing site aligns with Apollo and Luna mission samples, indicating the Moon was molten for millions of years. 3. Evidence of a large meteorite impact 4 billion years ago and detection of magnesium support the theory of a deep lunar excavation.

1. Scientists propose a new theory that lunar swirls are caused by underground lava and magnetized rocks; 2. The study involves new modeling and spacecraft data, indicating magnetized rocks in swirls deflect solar wind particles; 3. The theory suggests that underground lava cooling in a magnetic field creates magnetic anomalies, potentially explaining the magnetization of lunar rocks.