➀ The European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) have committed to a deeper working relationship, focusing on exploring asteroids, the Moon, and Mars. They have signed a joint statement outlining five aspects of their collaboration, including accelerating studies for the ESA's Ramses mission to Apophis, contributing to the Gateway programme for a lunar space station, and working together on lunar exploration, including the Artemis programme. ➁ They plan to advance discussions on a potential collaborative Mars mission and continue working together in space science, including high-energy astrophysics and studying the plasma around Earth. ➂ The agencies have a history of collaboration, such as the BepiColumbo mission to Mercury and the EarthCARE mission to study Earth's climate.