<p>➀ In 1978, IBM scientists experimentally developed magnetic bubbles 8 times smaller than commercial garnet-based ones, promising a dramatic increase in memory density (e.g., 3 million bits to 100 million bits per square inch); </p><p>➀ The research by Edward Giess and Robert Kobliska analyzed garnet properties and magnetic interactions, laying groundwork for submicron bubble device design; </p><p>➂ IBM emphasized that smaller bubbles reduce chip costs by enabling higher data density, serving as foundational progress for future memory technologies.</p>