➀ The semiconductor industry is advancing towards sub-2nm chip technology, facing challenges like traditional lithography limitations and quality control complexities.

➁ Advanced deposition chemistry, such as ALD and CVD, is being explored to overcome these challenges, with companies like Lam Research developing new tools for atomic layer deposition.

➂ Korean researchers have achieved a breakthrough in large-area semiconductor fabrication using plasma-enhanced deposition, potentially leading to solutions for sub-2nm manufacturing.

➃ Intel is preparing for advanced chip production with a roadmap to develop five nodes in four years, aiming to reduce dependence on external foundries.