<p>➀ Organ-on-chip systems are polymer-based microdevices mimicking human organ functions, using microchannels and live human cells to test drug responses without animal testing;</p><p>➁ A study by Emulate Inc. demonstrated 87% accuracy in predicting drug-induced liver toxicity, with machine learning tools like OPERA enhancing chemical safety predictions;</p><p>➂ Regulatory agencies like the FDA and NIH are evaluating these chips as alternatives to traditional preclinical testing methods.</p>