➀ Chinese blacklisted chip companies are circumventing US tech export restrictions by using pilot lines in research institutes.

➁ The Chinese State Council instructed major cities and provinces to establish a variety of pilot lines with different specialisms.

➂ Examples include the Hubei Yangtze Pilot-Line Services, JFS Laboratory, and Chip Hub for Integrated Photonics Xplore (CHIPX) in Shanghai Jiao Tong University.