<p>➀ The Fraunhofer Institute for Photonics Microsystems (IPMS) has achieved a milestone in chemical liquid analysis with the miniaturization of electronics required for ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs).; </p><p>➁ The new electronics have been made more energy-efficient and have reduced manufacturing costs, making them suitable for direct use or integration into custom measurement systems.; </p><p>➂ The ISFETs enable continuous and precise measurement of pH values by determining the concentration of specific ions in water or other aqueous media in real-time.</p>